|
|
Supporting grassland biodiversity through small-scale fallows
Fabšičová, Martina ; Frei, I. ; Jiroušek, M. ; Smetanová, S. ; Šipoš, Jan ; Trnka, F. ; Vymyslický, T. ; Winkler, J. ; Zdražílková, M.
The main goal of the methodology presented here is to propose a system of recommendations for applying fallow in nature conservation based on our experiments. Due to the independence of agricultural land outside specially protected areas with direct payments from the Ministry of Agriculture, it is currently important to apply the methodology, especially in large protected areas where the primary objective is to preserve natural and cultural heritage. Annual and perennial fallows, i.e. biotopes adapted toregular soil disturbance, offer suitable habitats for a number of now-threatened plant and animal species. This is a technically and economically easy solution, but it is challenging to select a suitable location to achieve maximum efficiency. Ploughing must not be used in species-rich grasslands which would lead to ruderalization and degradation of the native vegetation. Furthermore, it must not be carried out on land at risk of erosion. Linear grassland margins, which have been ploughed in the past, recently grassed fields, fallows, and field margins should be selected for fallow management. Nearby populations of invasive plant species can be a problem. Our recommendations for the use of fallow management relate primarily to land in lowland and upland areas with a lower soil nutrient supply.
|
|
|
Electromagnetic compatibility tests
Kolařík, Jan ; Hoder, Karel (referee) ; Havlíková, Marie (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor project is analysis problems branch of science EMC. The bachelor project contains basic distribution field and description individual parts of the field. Next bachelor project contains detailed description of individual measuring devices and equipment test room of EMC in company AEV s.r.o. like are signal generator, spectral analyzer and antennes. Last part of bachelor project deals with measurement electromagnetic interference on the product from the company AEV s.r.o. in accordance with the standard TL965 and design report of tests for a customer.
|
|
|
Power line disturbance model
Végh, Zoltán ; Zeman, Václav (referee) ; Mlýnek, Petr (advisor)
Requirements for existing PLC systems are very high (services requiring data rates higher than 1 Mbit/s). To meet these requirements, you must have a model of with real PLC environment. This document provides an overview of basic properties of noise in PLC systems, focusing mainly on the colored background noise, narrowband interferers, and various types of impulive noise in the PLC. Furthermore, different models of interference created by different literatures and simulation models were created with any significant adverse environmental effects of the PLC.
|
|
|
Endozoochorous seed dispersal by free ranging herbivores
Lepková, Barbora
Endozoochorous dispersal of seeds is a very common phenomenon which may occur anywhere some animals feed on plants bearing mature seeds. Endozoochory has been identified as a potential driver for long-distance migration but there is a strong discrepancy between endozoochory by frugivorous animals and herbivores. Despite the fact that the latter has been observed as early as a century ago, our understanding of the herbivorous endozoochory is still limited, even more so when it comes to the free-ranging wild species of herbivores. Furthermore, the endozoochorous dispersal shows significant differences between study areas and between herbivore species suggesting we need information about the process from various study areas to draw any conclusions. This thesis aimed to: (i) research the species composition found in dung samples of wild boars and deer, (ii) quantify the effect of deer dung deposition on vegetation of dry grasslands, (iii) establish the adaptation of plant species to the passage through digestive tract, and (iv) disentangle the drivers of species composition dispersed in dung. The results of my research indicates: (i) the species composition in dung samples differs up to a point between deer and wild boars: some species are dispersed by both dispersers while other only by one of them....
|
|
|
Influence of recreational activities on the distribution of forest wild boar rooting
Drimaj, J. ; Balková, M. ; Špoula, J. ; Kamler, J. ; Mikulka, O. ; Plhal, R. ; Homolka, Miloslav
The wild boar is a widely distributed and locally very numerous animal. The same is true in the conditions of Central Europe. Outside the growing season, it concentrates in forests, where it also actively searches for food sources. During this activity, it disturbs the soil surface, thereby significantly affecting the dynamics of the ecosystem. From an economic point of view, it limits the natural renewal of tree species, but from an ecological point of view, it changes habitat conditions and thus helps to increase biodiversity. Factors influencing the distribution of rooting across forest stands may be different. In this paper, we focused on the human factor and its influence on the rooting activity of wild boar in the Hodonínská Dúbrava, National natural monuments.
|
|
| |
|
|
Endozoochorous seed dispersal by free ranging herbivores
Lepková, Barbora ; Herben, Tomáš (advisor) ; Eycott, Amy Elizabeth (referee) ; Mudrák, Ondřej (referee)
Endozoochorous dispersal of seeds is a very common phenomenon which may occur anywhere some animals feed on plants bearing mature seeds. Endozoochory has been identified as a potential driver for long-distance migration but there is a strong discrepancy between endozoochory by frugivorous animals and herbivores. Despite the fact that the latter has been observed as early as a century ago, our understanding of the herbivorous endozoochory is still limited, even more so when it comes to the free-ranging wild species of herbivores. Furthermore, the endozoochorous dispersal shows significant differences between study areas and between herbivore species suggesting we need information about the process from various study areas to draw any conclusions. This thesis aimed to: (i) research the species composition found in dung samples of wild boars and deer, (ii) quantify the effect of deer dung deposition on vegetation of dry grasslands, (iii) establish the adaptation of plant species to the passage through digestive tract, and (iv) disentangle the drivers of species composition dispersed in dung. The results of my research indicates: (i) the species composition in dung samples differs up to a point between deer and wild boars: some species are dispersed by both dispersers while other only by one of them....
|
|
|
Přirozená obnova lesa po disturbanci lýkožroutem smrkovým \kur{ (Ips typographus} L.)
ROTOVÁ, Alžběta
This master's thesis focuses on evaluation of natural regeneration of forest in the non-intervention zone near Březník. Spectral data and spectral vegetation indices are examined and put in relation to terrain data for evaluation of the forest recovery. The highest gradation of bark beetle in the study area occurred between 1995 and 1998. Since then the tree defoliation accelerated the natural forest recovery. I assessed the forest recovery in 15 research plots and compared the recovery with the data collected by the Šumava national park in 2008 and 2009. Results of terrain measurement showed slight decrease in number of seedlings and saplings compared to years 2008 and 2009. Comparison of the field recovery data with the spectral indices revealed a regression relation between the natural regeneration and the vegetation indices. When comparing these data, the most suitable index for evaluating the natural regeneration was the index FRI2. The optimal time within the vegetation period for the evaluation of natural forest recovery using spectral data was also tested in this thesis. Results showed the optimum is at the end of spring and at the end of vegetation season. The highest rate of natural regeneration in our study area is on the west slopes of area Mokrůvky and on the south-west slopes exposed to high amounts of sunlight. Areas of closed forest formations are followed by areas where the forest regeneration is pure but the herbaceous vegetation is greatly developed. Results of the thesis show that spectral data and spectral indices are suitable for evaluation of forest recovery. The remote sensing methods bring the systematic data coverage for better understanding of the forest processes.
|
|
|
Souvislost změn v cyklech dusíku a uhlíku v lesních půdách po odumření stromového patra
TUPÁ, Adéla
The bachelor's thesis deals with changes in nitrogen and carbon cycles in coniferous forest soils after tree layer dieback due to forest disturbance. The thesis focuses on changes in nitrification and availability of nitrates in soils in connection with microbial biomass and carbon availability, especially in the forests with non-intervention management. This thesis contains of two parts, a literature review, and a scientific project proposal, which aims to verify possible validity of heterotrophic-competition hypothesis of microbes in soils.
|
|
|
Společenstva vodních makrobezobratlých ovlivněna lidskými činnostmi
LET, Marek
Macroinvertebrates represent an essential part of aquatic environments contributing to various ecosystem services. Disregarding the importance of their habitats and stable and functionally diverse communities can cause hardly reversible losses. This Thesis aimed to reveal relationships between responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities and the consequences of human activities. The general negative relationship between the gradient of insecticide contamination and abundances of higher taxonomic units of the stream macroinvertebrates was observed (Chapter 2). The gradient of droughts correlated negatively to the abundances of mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) - hereinafter referred as "EPT" - and the most positively to the abundances of coleopteran adults, heteropterans, ostracods, and water lice. Disturbing synergic effects of droughts and agricultural runoff were assumed based on the comparisons between communities sampled in the control site and initially contaminated downstream sites. The practices in modern agricultural systems can be considered one of the greatest threats to aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna. Results summarised in Chapter 3 show decreasing richness of EPT taxa (however, not their abundances) along with the involvement of an increasing number of anthropogenic factors. Nevertheless, only the mayflies and especially stoneflies showed significant negative responses, whilst caddisflies generally exhibited resistance to the presumably strongest anthropogenic factors; namely to contamination by trace metals (cadmium, lead and zinc) and to subsequent loads of treated and "poorly treated" municipal wastewaters containing pesticides, pharmaceutical active compounds, sewage-derived organic matter, and undoubtedly other not identified kinds of pollutants. Despite the higher caddisfly abundance, there were detected signs of worsened health status in hydropsychids, limnephilids and rhyacophilids, particularly detected malformations and the presence of dead pupae in both types of contaminated environments. However, the environment polluted by wastewaters exhibited a significant relationship to a highly increased relative contribution of passive filter feeders and predators within the EPT community. Since wastewater treatment technologies have been enhanced in many countries and there is a lack of published evidence about their complex effect on aquatic ecosystems, future studies are required. Chapter 4 reveals the negative effect of non-native signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on the native branchiodellid community. According to our results, the total replacement of the native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) by signal crayfish can lead to the disappearance of two species Branchiobdella parasita and B. pentadonta. Potential differences between crayfish species in correlations between abundances of both branchiobdellids were observed in the locality with the sympatric occurrence of noble crayfish and signal crayfish; the abundance of bigger-sized B. parasita positively correlated to the abundance of B. pentadonta only in the signal crayfish, whilst this relationship may be negative in the big-sized noble crayfish densely infested by both species. Potential competition for space was assumed. The experiment in laboratory conditions revealed more intensive grooming in signal crayfish. The results demonstrate the loss of overlooked biodiversity associated with the invasive species introduction. Knowledge of how communities of aquatic invertebrates respond to anthropogenic changes in the environment can be useful, e.g., during the assessment of the implications of planned or currently active human interferences for cultural landscapes. This Thesis will provide useful information for laboratory studies, of which the interpretation is often limited as they are carried out in artificial environments.
|
guest ::
